《研究生学术英语读译教程》课件Unit 4 When Teaching Critical Thinking Backfires

Abouttheauthor:JohnHorganIsanAmericansciencejournalistbestknownforhis1996bookTheEndofScience（《科学的终结》）Hehaswrittenformanypublications,includingNationalGeographic（《国家地理》）,ScientificAmerican（《科学美国人》）,TheNewYorkTimes（《纽约时报》）,Time（《时代周刊》）,Newsweek（《新闻周刊》）,andIEEESpectrum（《科技纵览》）.Hisarticleshavebeenincludedinthe2005,2006and2007editionsofTheBestAmericanScienceandNatureWriting.HorganhasappearedontheCharlieRoseShow（《查理·罗斯访谈录》）,thePBSNewsHour

(美国公共电视网的《新闻一小时》)andmanyothermediaoutletsintheU.S.andEurope.Horganisknownforhisskepticismaboutscience.HisOctober1993ScientificAmericanarticle,"TheDeathofProof,"claimedthatthegrowingcomplexityofmathematics,combinedwith"computerproofs"andotherdevelopments,wereunderminingtraditionalconceptsofmathematicalproof.Inhis1996bookTheEndofScience,hearguesthatpurescience,definedas“theprimordialhumanquesttounderstandtheuniverseandourplaceinit,”maybecomingtoanend.Heclaimsthatsciencewillnotachieveinsightsintonatureasprofoundasevolutionbynaturalselection（以自然选择/物竞天择为核心的进化论）,thedoublehelix(双螺旋结构),thebigbang(宇宙大爆炸),relativitytheory(相对论)orquantummechanics（量子力学）.Inthefuture,hesuggests,scientistswillrefine,extendandapplythispre-existingknowledgebutwillnotachieveanymoregreat"revolutionsorrevelations."Horganisknownforhisskepticismaboutscience.In1999HorganfollowedupTheEndofSciencewithTheUndiscoveredMind:HowtheHumanBrainDefiesReplication,MedicationandExplanation,whichcritiquesneuroscience（神经科学）,psychoanalysis（心理分析学）,psychopharmacology（精神药理学）,evolutionarypsychology(进化心理学),behavioralgenetics(行为遗传学）,artificialintelligence（人工智能）andothermind-relatedfields.Forhis2003bookRationalMysticism,hepresentshispersonalimpressionsofanumberofscientists,mystics,andreligiousthinkers,withasometimescontroversialanalysisoftheircontributionstorationalmysticismandtherelationshipbetweenreligionandscience.His2012bookTheEndofWarpresentsscientificargumentsagainstthewidespreadbeliefthatwarisinevitable.WhatisCriticalThinking?Discussinpairs:Howmuchdoyouknowaboutcriticalthinking?Checkoutthevideooncriticalthinking.Discussion&SearchReadingDiscussinPairs:Whatdoestheword“backfire”mean?Skimthetexttofindoutinwhatwayteachingcriticalthinkingbackfires.Payattentiontohowtheparagraphsarelaidout.Comeupwiththetextoutline.I.WhatJ.H.tellsstudentsII.III.OtherskepticsandtheircritiquesStudents’responsestoJ.H.’steachingTopicIV.J.H.’srestatement/modificationofhismessageOutliningtheText01030204WhatJ.H.tellsSsWhatisitconcernedwith?Whatisthereasonbehindit?Whatevidenceisthere?Whoarementioned?Whatcritiques?Whatevidence?Ss’responsesWhatresponses?J.H.’sresponseWhatisit?FindingRelatedInfoOtherskeptics’critiques01030204WhatJ.H.tellsSs(Attitudetowardscience)Don’talwaysbelieve…Beskeptical.Thinkcritically.Becausescienceisfallible.J.H.’sexperienceasasciencewriter.Particlephysics,cosmology,neuroscience.G.T.—newdrugordietJ.I.—flimsinessofmostpeer-reviewedresearchP.T.—experts’fallibility;amazestudySs’responsesHealthypushbackOver-the-topskepticismAgnosticismJ.H.’sresponse(Attitudetowardscience)Youshouldacknowledgescienceisapowerfulmodeofknowledge,meanwhiletreatnewscientificdiscoveriesskeptically.FindingRelatedInfoOtherskeptics’critiquesReadingforSpecificInformationGooverthekeyinformationagainandfinishtextbookexerciseIIi.Thenoteslaidoutinthisexerciseisnotquitecomplete.Findthepartthatdoesnotmatchournotesandreviseit.ExerciseII.iResponseofstudentstoskepticalteaching:—healthypushback:e.g. bigscientificdiscoveriese.g. methodsusedtocollectdataon________________aswellas_________________andpredictionsmade foundationsof_______________—advocatingoverturningcurrenttheoriesAnswerKeyforReferenceResponseofstudentstoskepticalteaching:—healthypushback:e.g. bigscientificdiscoveriese.g. methodsusedtocollectdataonclimatechangeaswellastheanalysisofthisdata

andpredictionsmade foundationsofscientificreasoing—advocatingoverturningcurrenttheoriesReflectionCanwedefendthesuperiorityofscientificknowledgewithoutresortingtoa“mystic”viewofscience?Checkouthowthepodcasthostanswersthequestion.(Podcast:“CognitiveBiasesandtheAuthorityofScience”)PodcastRecapHumanbeingsarepronetobiasesthatleadtoerror.[science’sfallibility]Error#1:Humanbeingsarepatternrecognitionmachines.E.g.mazestudycitedbyTetlock(Para.12)Error#2:Humanbeingsarenotgoodatweighingevidence.E.g.theflimsinessofmostpeer-reviewedresearch(Para.9);experts’fallibility(para.11)Scientificmethodologyaimstoneutralizetheeffectsofthesebiases,andtherebyreduceerror.AttitudetowardScienceCheckouttheendingpartofthepodcast.Noteitstake-awaymessage,i.e.，”whatattitudeshouldwehavetowardtheauthorityofscience？“CautiousAttitudetowardSciencePeopleshouldbeverycautiousaboutrelyingontheirintuitionsinjudgingascientificissue.becausescience’sfallible/pronetobiasesthatleadtoerrorPeopleshouldbewillingtoaccepttheauthorityofscience,especiallywhenthere’saconsensusontheissueinthemainstreamscientificcommunity.becausescientificmethodsaredesignedtoavoidthoseerrorsTranslationPractice在现实生活中人们对批判性思维往往存在两种误解。一种是认为批判性思维旨在发现他人而非自己思想或行为的错误。其实，“批判”在这里应理解为“评论”而非“批评”。另一种是认为批判性思维是怀疑一切、否定一切的破坏性思维。实际上，批判性思维会客观地肯定某些合理的想法，是建设性的。TipsforPassageTranslationTakeintoconsiderationthecoherence(内在连贯)andcohesion(外在衔接)

ofthewholepassage.Whentranslatingsentences,weneedtothinkaboutthesentencestructureanditsSVO.Inthesameway,whentranslatingapassage,weneedtothinkaboutthepassagestructure.Usepronounswheneverpossible.Feedback